Performance of memory task indicators for assessment of the risk of depressive disorders / 预防医学

Objective@#To evaluate the risk of depressive disorders using memory task indicators, so as to provide insights into clinical assessment of depressive disorders.@*Methods@#A total of 68 patients with depressive disorders undergoing treatments in the departments of psychiatrics and clinical psychology in a tertiary hospital during the period from January to September, 2021 were enrolled as the case group, while a total of 31 hospital employees, social volunteers and university students served as controls. The error rate and response time of classical memory task experiments were compared between the two groups, including implicit memory, short-term memory and working memory tasks. In addition, the predictive indicators of depressive disorders were identified using multivariable logistic regression analysis and receiver operative characteristics (ROC) curve.@*Results@#The case group included 29 men and 39 women and had a mean age of (24.12±7.40) years, including 46 subjects with an educational level higher than diploma. The control group included 15 men and 16 women and had a mean age of (26.45±6.65) years, including 23 subjects with an educational level higher than diploma. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed significant associations of age of >18 years (OR=3.431, 95%CI: 1.259-9.350), error rate of 2-back task (OR=1.056, 95%CI: 1.016-1.097) and error rate of short-term memory tasks (OR=1.078, 95%CI: 1.009-1.152) with the development of depressive disorders. ROC curve analysis showed that the error rate of 2-back tasks showed an area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.730 (95%CI: 0.630-0.831), cutoff of 22.5%, sensitivity of 42.6% and specificity of 93.5% for prediction of the risk of depressive disorders, and the error rate of short-term memory tasks showed an AUC of 0.717 (95%CI: 0.605-0.829), cutoff of 23.5%, sensitivity of 67.6% and specificity of 71.0% for prediction of the risk of depressive disorders. In addition, the combination of the error rate of 2-back tasks and the error rate of short-term memory tasks showed an AUC of 0.829 (95%CI: 0.734-0.923), sensitivity of 75.0% and specificity of 80.6% for prediction of the risk of depressive disorders.@*Conclusion@#Short-term and working memory task indicators are feasible for assessment of the risk of depressive disorders.

Medidas Implícitas en Cognición: Una Aproximación al Estudio de la Automaticidad / Implicit Measures in Cognition: An Approach to the Study of Automaticity

Resumen La investigación en cognición implícita ha aumentado de manera vertiginosa durante las últimas décadas, principalmente por el uso generalizado de procedimientos experimentales conocidos como medidas implícitas. A diferencia de los cuestionarios de autoinforme, estas metodologías impiden que sesgos como la deseabilidad social afecten las respuestas de los participantes, lo que permite abordar temas sensibles. Sin embargo, las medidas implícitas difieren en aspectos como las instrucciones, los materiales o los indicadores conductuales analizados. Debido a esto, hay controversia sobre la naturaleza de los procesos que están siendo medidos, las características que se les atribuyen y, por ende, la posibilidad de hacer comparaciones entre los estudios que emplean diferentes medidas implícitas. Basándose en un modelo de procesamiento dual, este trabajo propone que las medidas implícitas pueden entenderse como indicadores de procesos automáticos. A partir de dicha propuesta, se discuten los requisitos que las medidas implícitas deben cumplir y algunos desafíos para la investigación en automaticidad.

Abstract The research on implicit cognition has increased dramatically over the past few decades, mainly because of the widespread use of experimental procedures known as implicit measurements. In contrast to self-report questionnaires, these methodologies prevent biases as social desirability from affecting participants' responses, allowing sensitive issues to be addressed. However, the implicit measures differ in central aspects as the instructions, materials, or behavioral indicators analyzed. For those reasons, there is controversy about the nature of the processes being measured, the characteristics attributed to them, and, therefore, the possibility of making comparisons between studies that use different implicit measures. Based on a dual processing model, this paper proposes that implicit measures can be understood as indicators of automatic processes. Finally, we will discuss the requirements that implicit measures must satisfy, and some challenges for research in automaticity.

Efeitos da atenção dividida no priming de repetição / Effects of divided attention in repetition priming

O presente artigo tem por objetivo investigar possíveis efeitos da atenção dividida no priming de repetição a partir de uma revisão seletiva da literatura. Foram selecionados estudos realizados com testes de priming perceptual e/ou conceitual, nos quais a divisão da atenção foi realizada na fase de codificação ou de recuperação. Em geral, as evidências indicaram que o priming, tanto o perceptual quanto o conceitual, foi afetado pela atenção dividida na codificação quando a tarefa secundária (ou distratora) foi mais demandante de atenção, exigindo resposta frequente e apresentada sincrônica ao estímulo alvo. Poucos estudos foram realizados na recuperação e eles indicaram imunidade do priming perceptual e conceitual à atenção dividida. Conclui-se que os processos de memória implícita podem exigir recursos atencionais na codificação. Implicações teóricas dos resultados são discutidas.

This article aims to investigate possible effects of divided attention on repetition priming from a selective review of the literature. Studies were included if they utilized perceptual and/or conceptual priming tasks, in which the division of attention was performed during encoding or retrieval. In general, the results suggested that perceptual and conceptual priming were affected by divided attention during encoding. This effect occurred when the secondary task (or distractor task) demanded higher levels of attention, requiring frequent task responses and it was presented simultaneously to the memory target stimulus. The few studies investigating retrieval showed that perceptual and conceptual priming are not sensitive to divided attention. Therefore, implicit memory processes may require attentional resources in the encoding. Theoretical implications of the results are discussed.

The effect of transcranial direct current stimulation on memory function / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Memory function is the core component of human brain cognition.Memory impairment significantly affects people's daily life and social ability,but existing cognitive training or drug therapy can not effectively improve memory function.In recent years,new techniques and methods have been emerging in brain science research,especially neural regulation techniques,such as transcranial electrical / magnetic stimulation,which can significantly regulate cognitive ability and effectively promote memory function.Transcranial direct current stimulation is a kind of noninvasive and safe technique.It can regulate cerebral cortex activity by changing the cerebral cortex excitability,and play a role in regulating brain function.At present,there have been reports at home and abroad that transcranial direct current stimulation can promote memory function and improve memory effectively.This technique is applied to the diagnosis and treatment of clinical diseases,but its mechanism is not clear.This article reviews the mechanism and application of transcranial direct current stimulation (TDCS) in promoting different types of memory function in order to provide evidence for early intervention and treatment of memory impairment.

The study on the implicit memory in patients with Alzheimer disease / 中国神经精神疾病杂志

Objective To explore the characteristics of conceptual priming and perceptual priming in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Methods The implicit memory (conceptual repetition priming and perceptual repetition priming) and Neuropsychological (DS, VFT, CTT interference time) tests were conducted on 30 aMCI patients, 30 AD patients and 30 normal elderly people. Results Compared with the normal elderly group and the aMCI group, DS, VFT, CTT interference time and conceptual repetition priming of AD patients were lower than those in the normal elderly group (P<0.01). However, perceptual repetition priming was no statistically significant among the groups (P>0.05). Conclusion AD patients have impairments on the conceptual repetition priming , DS, VFT, CTT interference time and implicit memory and the decrease in the frontal lobe function may be an important neurological basis for AD.

Correlation between implicit and explicit memory impairment and clinical symptoms in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective To investigate the characteristics of implicit and explicit memory in patients with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and its relationship with obsessive-compulsive symptoms.Methods Thirty-one patients with OCD and thirty healthy participants matched with sex,age,years of education were enrolled in present study.All participants were conducted vocabulary perception speed task and vocabulary recognition task to evaluate the ability of implicit memory and explicit memory toward neutral,positive and moral disgust words.The accuracy and response time during tasks were recorded to index memory performance.The obsessive-compulsive symptoms were assessed with Padovar scale-Washington State University revised edition (PI-WSUR).Results There was significant difference in the response time of implicit memory between two groups ((2 926.63± 1 718.31) ms for OCD group,(2 587.13±1 054.56) ms for controls group,t=0.926,P=0.358).There was significant difference two groups in the accuracy of implicit memory for moral disgust words ((0.607±0.267) for OCD group,(0.777±0.159) for controls group,t=-3.306,P =0.004),positive words ((0.528±0.265) for OCD group,(0.695±0.152) for controls group,t=-3.048,P=0.004) and all words ((0.597±0.248) for OCD group,(0.731±0.145) for controls group,t=-2.582,P=0.013).The response time of explicit memory in OCD group was significantly correlated with PI-WSUR (r=-0.410,P=0.022),OTAHSO (r=-0.470,P=0.008).Conclusion Compared with healthy controls,the implicit memory of OCD patients was impaired,especially the implicit memory of positive emotion words and moral disgust words.There is no correlation between implicit memory and obsessive-compulsive symptoms in OCD patients.Compared with healthy controls,the implicit memory of OCD patients is not impaired,but there is a correlation between explicit memory and obsessive-compulsive symptoms in OCD patients.

Reliability of Fragmented Character Identification Assessment / 中国康复理论与实践

Objective To study the reliability of an implicit memory test-Fragmented Character Identification Assessment. Methods Some Chinese pictographic characters and non-pictographic characters were fragmented to form two sets of identification task. From Sep-tember, 2013 to March, 2016, a total of 78 health young and middle aged people were assessed with the task, and 20 of them were assessed again with another parallel version 14 days later. The internal consistency, test-retest reliability and duplicate split-half reliability were ana-lyzed. Results There was no significant difference in priming of implicit memory between pictograph and non-pictograph (t=1.006, P>0.05). Cronbach's α was 0.763 and 0.729 for the pictograph and non-pictograph fragmented character identification assessment, respectively;while the inter-class coefficients (ICC) of test-retest were 0.785 and 0.771, ICC of split-half reliability were 0.792 and 0.789. Conclusion The reliability is satisfactory in Chinese Fragmented Character Identification Assessment.

Considerações metodológicas na elaboração de experimentos com priming de repetição / Methodological considerations in the elaboration with repetition priming experiments / Consideraciones metodológicas en la preparación de experimentos con priming de repetición

RESUMO O paradigma experimental do priming permite lançar luz sobre diferentes aspectos dos processos de memória e possui diversas aplicações. Priming é um efeito de memória implícita, no qual há a recuperação não consciente de informação experienciada recentemente. No Brasil, o volume de pesquisas utilizando esta metodologia é pouco expressivo se comparado à literatura internacional. Buscando incentivar estudos nesse paradigma, o presente artigo tem como objetivo apresentar e discutir aspectos metodológicos relevantes à elaboração de experimentos com priming de repetição, com ênfase na seleção de materiais (software, estímulos normatizados para o Brasil e relevância de fatores psicolinguísticos) e na manipulação de variáveis (instruções e tempo de exposição dos estímulos, por exemplo). Concluiu-se que: a) PsycoPy é uma excelente opção de software de acesso livre, enquanto E-prime é uma excelente opção com exigência de licença; b) estímulos dos testes de priming precisam dispor de normas brasileiras, considerando aspectos psicolinguísticos e normas para as propriedades de estímulos pictórios; c) Stimulus Onset Asynchrony (SOA) curtos (menores que 300 ms) associados à máscara são excelentes para investigar ativações automáticas e não conscientes de priming; e d) técnicas para reduzir a influência explícita devem ser utilizadas, como o Critério da Intencionalidade da Recuperação. São apresentadas recomendações para pesquisas futuras.

ABSTRACT The priming experimental paradigm sheds light on different aspects of memory processes and has several applications. Priming is an implicit memory effect, in which there is no conscious retrieval information recently experienced. In Brazil, very few studies using this methodology comparing to the international literature is observed. Aiming to encourage studies to use this paradigm, the goal of this paper is to present and discuss methodological aspects relevant to the elaboration of repetition priming experiments emphasizing the selection of materials (software, standardized stimuli lists for Brazil and the relevance of psycholinguistic factors) and the manipulation of variables (instructions and exposure time of the stimuli, for example). The conclusion was that: a) PsycoPy is an excellent free software access option, while E-prime is an excellent option to license requirement; b) priming stimuli tests must have Brazilian norms, considering psycholinguistic aspects and norms for property pictorial stimuli; c) short Stimulus Onset Asynchrony - SOA (less than 300 ms) associated with the mask are excellent to investigate automatic and not conscious priming activations; and d) techniques to reduce the explicit influence should be used as the Retrieval Intentionality Criterion. Finally, recommendations for future research are presented.

RESUMEN El paradigma experimental de priming permite arrojar luz sobre diferentes aspectos de los procesos de memoria y tiene muchas aplicaciones. En Brasil, el volumen de investigación utilizando esta metodología es pequeño si se compara con la literatura internacional. Tratando de fomentar los estudios en este paradigma, este artículo tiene como objetivo presentar y discutir aspectos metodológicos relacionados con la preparación de los experimentos con cebado repetición, con énfasis en la selección de materiales (software, estímulos estandarizados a Brasil y la pertinencia de los factores psicolingüísticos) y la manipulación variables (instrucciones y tiempo de exposición del estímulo, por ejemplo). Se concluyó que: a) PsycoPy es una opción excelente software de libre acesso , mientras que E-Prime es una excelente opción para requisito de licencia; b) pruebas de priming estímulos deben tener normas brasileñas, t eniendo en cuenta los aspectos psicolingüísticos y normas para los estímulos de propiedad pictórios; c) SOAs cortas (menos de 300 ms) con la máscara asociada son excelentes para investigar las activaciones automáticas y no conscientes de priming; y d) técnicas para reducir la influencia explícita deben utilizarse como la I ntencionalidad de R ecuperación C riterio. Se presentan recomendaciones para la investigación futura .

Bases moleculares de la memoria y su relación con el aprendizaje / Molecular Basis of Memory and its Relation with Learning

El aprendizaje y la memoria son funciones cognitivas estudiadas históricamente desde diferentes campos del saber, de los cuales, podemos mencionar la filosofía, la psicología y las neurociencias. Aportes más recientes provienen de los desarrollos de las ciencias cognitivas y, de manera particular, de la antropología, la lingüística, la semiótica y la inteligencia artificial. En su conjunto, los aportes provenientes de estos diversos campos del conocimiento tienen incidencia importante en la educación. El aprendizaje se refiere al cambio permanente o no del comportamiento, de las ideas, los conceptos, los modelos mentales, los sentimientos, intereses, motivaciones derivados de la experiencia de los sujetos; por su parte, la memoria se refiere al proceso, por el cual ese conocimiento es codificado, almacenado y recordado. El aprendizaje y la memoria son esenciales para el funcionamiento adecuado, adaptación y supervivencia independiente de las diferentes especies animales. En esta revisión, en primer lugar, se presenta una breve reseña de los estudios más sobresalientes sobre aprendizaje y memoria, en términos generales se describen los tipos de aprendizaje y de memoria con relación a la naturaleza de la información y al tiempo de almacenamiento. En segundo lugar, se describen los procesos moleculares que explican el aprendizaje y la memoria implícita y finalmente se presentan algunas reflexiones generales desde el campo conceptual de la educación en relación con los desarrollos presentados en cuanto a la memoria y al aprendizaje...(AU)

Learning and memory are cognitive functions that have been historically studied from different fields of knowledge, namely, philosophy, psychology and neurosciences.Recent contributions come from developments on cognitive sciences and, particularly, anthropology, linguistics, semiotics and artificial intelligence as well. As a whole, contributions from these different fields of knowledge have an important impact on education. Learning refers to a continuous change regarding behavior, ideas, concepts, mental models, feelings, interests, and motivations that are derived from the individuals' experience, while memory encompasses the process by which knowledge is codified, stored and retrieved. Learning and memory are paramount for proper functioning, independent adaptation and survival of different animal species. On one hand, this review shows a brief overview of the most outstanding studies on learning and memory. In general terms, it describes the types of learning and memory in relation to the nature of information and storage time. On the other hand, it presents the molecular processes underlying learning and implicit memory. It finally describes some general reflections from the conceptual perspective on education in relation to the developments of memory and learning...(AU)

Alcance e limites da simbolização e da representação dos processos psíquicos nas filosofias, na psicanálise e nas neurociências / phenomenology, Habermas, neurosciences, Kandel, early psyche, autism epidemic, procedural or implicit memory, verbal or explicit memory, virtual culture media / The range and limits of symbolization and representation of mental processes in the philosophies, psychoanalysis and neurosciences

Frente às mudanças das psicopatologias que hoje nos acabrunham como psicanalistas e, inclusive, como cidadãos, o presente trabalho pretende deslindar se tais mudanças, no início do psiquismo, são, em princípio, passíveis de serem abrangidas pelas filosofias – exemplificadas pela fenomenologia de Habermas – ou pelas neurociências. A fenomenologia só chega a vislumbrar tentativamente e, como uma periferia, a ocorrência de fenômenos psíquicos por fora do modelo do texto a que se cinge, enquanto as neurociências só timidamente ampliam seu campo de estudo para além do cartesianismo de base de seus modelos mecânicos. Para tal fim, questiona-se a distinção, pelas neurociências, de uma memória procedimental ou implícita, que supõem não distinguir indivíduos ou eventos, e uma memória explícita, que só apareceria a partir de dois a três anos. Fica, pois, para a psicanálise, localizada na linha do naturalismo amplo de Freud, distante dos cartesianismos, conciliar seu devido lugar com o estudo das incidências da cultura dos meios sobre a simbolização e a representação, em especial quanto ao psiquismo precoce, no marco da atual epidemia de autismo

Due to the changes of psychopathology that overwhelm us today as psychoanalysts as well as citizens, this study aims to disentangle whether such changes at the beginning of the psyche are capable of being covered by the philosophies – exemplified by Habermas phenomenology – or by the neurosciences. The phenomenology only reaches a glimpse and as a periphery, the occurrence of psychic phenomena outside its text, while the neurosciences only maidenly extend its field of study beyond the Cartesian base of their mechanical models. Therefore, it is questioned the distinction done by the neurosciences of a procedural or implicit memory, which seems not to distinguish individuals or events, and of an explicit memory, which only appear after two to three years of age. Thus, it is for psychoanalysis, coming from the wide naturalism of Freud, far from the Cartesian notion, to reconcile its place in the study of the effects of the virtual culture media on the symbolism and representation, especially regarding the early psyche, within the framework of current epidemic of autism

Ante los cambios de las psicopatologías que hoy nos abruman como psicoanalistas e incluso como ciudadanos, el presente trabajo apunta a deslindar si dichos cambios, a punto de inicio en el psiquismo temprano, son en principio abarcables por las filosofías – ejemplificadas por la fenomenología de Habermas – o por las neurociencias. La fenomenología sólo llega a vislumbrar tentativamente y al modo de una periferia la ocurrencia de fenómenos psíquicos por fuera del modelo del texto al cual se ciñe, en tanto que las neurociencias sólo tímidamente amplían su campo de estudio más allá del cartesianismo de base de sus modelos mecánicos. A tal fin se cuestiona la distinción por las neurociencias de una memoria procedimental o implícita, que supone no distinguir individuos o eventos, y una memoria explícita que aparecería recién a partir de los 2-3 años. Queda pues para el psicoanálisis, ubicado en la línea del naturalismo amplio de Freud lejos de los cartesianismos, acordar su debido lugar al estudio de las incidencias de la cultura de los medios sobre la simbolización y la representación, en especial en cuanto al psiquismo temprano, en el marco de la actual epidemia del autismo

Implicit Memory in Brain Injury / 中国康复理论与实践

@#Objective To investigate the implicit memory in brain injured patients. Methods 24 brain injury patients and 24 normal controls were estimated by Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) Beijing version, a fragmented picture naming task and a fragmented Chinese character identification task. Results The scores of 2 tasks were both lower in the patient group than in the control group (P<0.01). The implicit memory negatively correlated with the score of perceptual closure in both groups (P<0.05). Conclusion Implicit memory is possible to be concerned with occipital, frontal and temporal lobe.

Psychoanalytic treatment: a neurobiological view

We present a review of several hypotheses concerning the possible neurobiological correlates of the main processes involved in analytic therapy. Attachment theory may represent an interesting link between psychoanalysis and neurobiology. According to Bowlby's conception, interactions with parental figures during infancy lead to the formation of an "internal working model." This determines how the individual will relate with others and cope with stress throughout life. The patterns formed are in many cases pathological. The internal working model is stored as implicit memory, which is expressed independently of consciousness. Clinical improvement in analytic therapy ultimately depends on changes in the implicit memory system, which entails structural brain modifications. Implicit memory system changes may be related to alterations in explicit memory systems, which result from interpretative work. They may also occur directly as a result of the emotional experiences in the patient-analyst relationship.

The influence of affective priming effect on implicit and explicit memory in mood congruency memory of university students / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective To investigate the different effect of positive and negative emotion induced by film clips on explicit and implicit memory,and whether there is mood congruency effect. Methods Thirty participants who were randomly assigned to three experimental groups were investigated. They were exposed in different film clips and then worked on memory task. After each emotional condition,the 5-point Self Assessment Scale was registered , Buchner's processing dissociation corrected model was employed to separate explicit and implicit memory. Results (1) The emotion arousal level of different films is significantly different, the scores of negative film and positive film were more than that of neutral film( (3.24 ± 1.02),(2.85 ± 1.35),(1.12 ± 1.42) , P＜0.01) ; the scores of emotional valence of positive,negative and neutral priming condition were (4. 10 ±0. 20), (3. 60 ± 0.22) and (3.20 ±0. 97), and there was a significant difference between emotion priming conditions (F(2,27) = 46.81, P＜ 0. 01). (2) There was a significant difference among different emotion priming conditions in R (F(2,87) = 30.129, P＜0.05) .and there was no significant difference among different emotion priming conditions in A. (3) In R,there was a main effect in emotional words(F(2,81) = 10.516, P＜0.05) ,the R scores of neutral words were significantly higher than those of negative words(P＜0.01) ,there was a main effect in emotion priming conditions(F (2,81) =10.516, P＜0.05) ,the R scores of positive emotion priming group and neutral emotion priming group were significantly higher than those of negative emotion priming group (P＜0.05). There was an interaction of emotional words and emotion priming conditions(F(4,81) = 10.640, P ＜ 0.01). Under positive emotion priming condition, the R scores of positive and neutral words were significantly higher than those of negative words (P＜0.05);under negative emotion priming condition, the R scores of negative words were significantly higher than those of positive words (P ＜0.05); under neutral emotion priming condition, the R scores of positive and neutral words were significantly higher than those of negative words (P＜0.05). (4) In A, the main effect of emotion priming conditions and emotional words and interaction effect between them were not significant(P＞0.05). Conclusions Explicit memory showed mood congruency memory effect,but implicit memory,neither the positive emotion priming group nor the negative emotion priming group exhibited mood congruency memory effect.

O teste de associação implícita no transtorno obsessivo-compulsivo (TAI-TOC): consistência interna e correlações com medidas explícitas / The implicit association test in obsessive-compulsive disorder (IAT-OCD): internal consistency and correlation with explicit assessments

CONTEXTO: Avaliações tradicionais de sintomas obsessivo-compulsivos, baseadas na introspecção, estão sujeitas a diversas variáveis, como os níveis de insight apresentados pelo paciente. OBJETIVOS: Neste estudo, nosso objetivo foi o de avaliar a consistência interna e as correlações clínicas de um teste que busca identificar a existência de um viés cognitivo implícito em pacientes com transtorno obsessivo-compulsivo (TOC). MÉTODOS: Quarenta pacientes com TOC realizaram o teste de associação implícita para o TOC (TAI-TOC) e responderam a três instrumentos de autoavaliação [Inventário de Ansiedade de Beck (BAI), Inventário de Depressão de Beck (BDI), Inventário de Obsessões e Compulsões - Revisado (OCI-R)]. RESULTADOS: O valor do alfa de Cronbach com itens de treino foi de 0,83 e sem o treino foi de 0,79. Não foram observadas correlações significativas entre os escores gerados pelo TAI-TOC e os instrumentos de autoavaliação, i.e., BDI, BAI e diferentes dimensões do OCI-R. CONCLUSÃO: Nossos achados apontam para uma elevada consistência interna do TAI-TOC. A ausência de correlações entre o TAI-TOC e diferentes dimensões do OCI-R sugere que medidas implícitas e explícitas de sintomas obsessivo-compulsivos podem formar constructos independentes. Estudos futuros, com maior número de pacientes, são necessários para confirmar essa hipótese.

BACKGROUND: Traditional assessments of obsessive-compulsive symptoms, based on patients' introspection, are subject to several factors, including the levels of insight presented by them. OBJECTIVES: In this study, our goal was to assess the internal consistency and clinical correlations of a test that seeks to identify the existence of an implicit cognitive bias in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). METHODS: 40 patients with OCD performed the implicit association test for OCD (IAT-OCD) and answered three instruments of self-assessment [Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Inventory, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised (OCI-R)]. RESULTS: Cronbach's alpha with IAT-OCD training items was 0.83 and without them 0.79. There were no significant correlations between the IAT-OCD scores and the instruments of self-assessment, e.g., BDI, BAI and different dimensions of the OCI-R. DISCUSSION: Our findings are consistent with a high internal consistency of the IAT-OCD. The absence of correlations between the IAT-OCD and different dimensions of the OCI-R suggests that implicit and explicit measures of obsessive-compulsive symptoms may be independent constructs. Future studies, with greater number of patients, are needed to confirm this hypothesis.

The study on implicit memory in patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment / 中国神经精神疾病杂志

Objective To investigate the characteristics of memory impairment in patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI). Methods Thirty-five patients with aMCI and 35 healthy adults matched with age and education level were administered with a neuropsychological battery of tests including conception and perception implicit priming tasks (category exemplar, picture identification), as well as explicit memory tasks (immediate recall, delay recall, delay recognition ). Results Compared with healthy elders, patients with aMCI were impaired in the conception implicit priming task(t=-4.33, P<0.01), as well as in explicit memory (immediate recall, t=6.40, P<0.01;delay recall, t=9.29,P<0.01; delay recognition, t=7.65,P<0.01),but not in perception implicit priming task (t=-0.78, P＞0.05).The conception implicit priming is positively correlated with verbal fluency (r=0.74,P<0.01). Conclusions The present results indicate that patients with aMCI are impaired in both explicit memory and conception implicit priming. The conception implicit priming impairment in aMCI may be related to their frontal lobe dysfunction.

The implicit memory of individual depression in percept-driven process under the influence of sad mood induction / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective To investigate the effect of sad mood to implicit memory of depressed individuals under the condition of percept-driven process. Methods Using the percept-driven implicit paradigm improved by Paller,26 depression subjects and 25 normal subjects completed study-test task and reported the gender of different emotional faces. Results ①There were main effects of time(F = 4.61, P<0.05)and mood state(F= 21.61, P <0.05) ,significant interaction of time and emotion(F = 4. 13, P<0. 05) ,no significant difference of group on visual analogue scale(VAS) mood ratings. ②Among the accuracy rate of subjects' gender judging to different emotional faces,there were significant main effects on time(F = 4.12, P<0.05)and experiment type (F = 20.55, P < 0.05) , and there was significant interaction of time and experiment type (F=31.72,P<0.05). ③Further simple effects analysis showed that the positive((80 ± 13)%vs(92 ± 10)% , F=65.06, P<0.05) ,negative((58 ± 12)%vs(91 ±10)%,F=10.00,P<0.05),neutral((84±16)%vs(88±9)%, F= 12.49, P < 0. 05) faces when the presentation time was 3600ms in experiment type had significant simple effects; the positive ((76 ± 12)%vs(85±10)%,F=54.72, P<0.05) ,neutral((82 ± 10)% vs(80 ± 10)% , F = 54.57, P<0.05)faces when the presentation time was 300 ms in experiment types had significant simple effects, while the accuracy of neutral faces had significant simple effect between the two groups. Conclusion Sad mood enhance the implicit memory of both depressed and normal subjects to positive and negative faces,and the accuracy rate in implicit processing to neutral faces of depressed group were lower than that of normal group.

Systematic psychotherapy of TCM cause-tracing technique in the static state of Qigong / 国际中医中药杂志

Objective To introduce cause-tracing technique in the static state of Qigong to enrich modem clinic psychotherapy. Methods Based on previous therapeutic experience, we reduced resistance from patients through interview.Then the cause of diseases was detected by analyzing implicit memory. Results Cause-tracing technique in the static state of Qigong could get important relevant information by excavating implicit memory. It was a cause-tracing method characterized by low-resistance and high-speed. Conclusion Cause-tracing technique in the static state of Qigong had great clinical value.

O dia a dia de um psicanalista teorias fracas. teorias fortes / El día a día de un psicoanalista. teorías débiles. teorías fuerte / The day-to-day of a psychoanalyst. weak theories. strong theories

O autor propõe teorias fracas como meio de investigação psicanalítica, tanto para a clínica quanto para os conceitos. Inicia com as dificuldades em grupos psicanalíticos, tanto em discutir a situação clínica quanto os conceitos. Como instrumento de trabalho descreve quatro situações clínicas que são acompanhadas de comentários, tanto os feitos durante a sessão quanto as reflexões que essas situações suscitaram e que desaguaram nas teorias fracas, como as do despontar da criatividade, prudência, hipnotismo, de causalidade e outras. Estas serviram de instrumento para o exame de uma teoria forte - transformação em alucinose - e permitiram sugerir que está ligada ao vínculo de ódio, enquanto com o uso das teorias fracas, salienta-se a importância dos vínculos de amor e conhecimento. A correlação destes fatos vai determinar um novo posicionamento teórico e clínico. Com o exame do fator probabilidade encaminha-se para a conclusão sobre a pluralidade das teorias na psicanálise atual, por enquanto mantendo uma unidade. Breve exame das teorias cognitivas e neurociências trazem perspectivas de enriquecimento, embora de difícil uso para um psicanalista comum, sendo que estes acréscimos não mudam a situação de pluralidade

El autor propone teorías débiles como medio de investigación psicoanalítica, tanto para la clínica cuanto para los conceptos. Inicia con las dificultades en grupos psicoanalíticos, tanto en discutir la situación clínica cuanto los conceptos. Como instrumento de trabajo describe cuatro situaciones clínicas acompañadas de comentarios, tanto los hechos durante la sesión cuanto las reflexiones que éstas situaciones despertaron y desembocaron en las teorías débiles, como las de despuntar de la creatividad, prudencia, hipnotismo, de causalidad y otras. Estas sirvieron de instrumento para el examen de una teoría fuerte - transformación en alucinosis - y permitieron sugerir que está ligada al vínculo de odio, mientras que, con el uso de las teorías débiles, resalta la importancia de los vínculos de amor y conocimiento. La correlación de estos hechos va a determinar un nuevo posicionamiento teórico y clínico. Con el examen del factor probabilidad se encamina para la conclusión manteniendo la unidad. Breve examen de las teorías cognitivas y neurociencias traen perspectivas de enriquecimiento, a pesar de difícil uso para un psicoanalista común, siendo que estos acrecimos no cambian la situación de pluralidad

The author proposes weak theories as a mean of psychoanalytical investigation, both for clinical purposes and for the concepts. It starts out with the difficults in psychoanalytical groups, both in discussing the clinical situation and the concepts. As work tool, it describes four clinical situations that are followed by comments, both those made during the session, and the reflections that these situations have evoked and that flown into weak theories, as well as those belonging to the drawn of creativity, caution, hypnotism, causality and others. These have served as a tool for the examination of a strong theory - transformation in hallucinosis - and allowed the suggestion that it is connected to the bond of hatred, while, with the use of weak theories, the importance of the bonds of love and knowledge is highlighted. The correlation of these facts will establish a new theoretical and clinical positioning. With the examination of the probability factor, one walks toward the conclusion on the plurality of present psychoanalysis theories, while keeping a unity. A brief review of the cognitive theories and neurosciences bring perspectives of enrichment, albeit of difficult use for the ordinary psychoanalyst, when these additions do not change the situation of plurality

A construção de um novo instrumento para avaliar correlatos implícitos dos sintomas do transtorno obsessivo-compulsivo: primeira versão do Teste de Associação Implícita / The construction of a new instrument to assess implicit correlates of obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms: first version of the Implicit Association Test

CONTEXTO: A inexistência de uma medida implícita para sintomas do transtorno obsessivo-compulsivo (TOC) limita a avaliação às escalas e aos inventários tradicionais. OBJETIVOS: O objetivo foi construir um instrumento de avaliação de sintomas obsessivo-compulsivos que independa da autoavaliação pelo examinando [por exemplo, o Teste de Associação Implícita para transtorno obsessivo-compulsivo (TAI-TOC)]. MÉTODOS: A fim de construir o TAI-TOC, foram consultados (1) estudos anteriores que utilizaram o TAI para avaliação de outros sintomas psiquiátricos, (2) psiquiatras e psicólogos com experiência na avaliação e tratamento de pacientes com TOC e (3) os próprios pacientes com TOC. RESULTADOS: Estímulos verbais e visuais foram selecionados para cada dimensão dos sintomas obsessivo-compulsivos (contaminação e lavagem, obsessões de checagem, simetria e colecionismo). Um software projetado para mensurar o tempo de reação em milissegundos (um programa para associação implícita) foi desenvolvido. Uma versão final do TAI-TOC foi obtida. CONCLUSÕES: O TAI-TOC expande o arsenal existente para avaliação dos sintomas obsessivo-compulsivos, especialmente naqueles indivíduos que informam mal sobre seus sintomas.

BACKGROUND: The lack of an implicit measure for the obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms limits its assessment to the traditional scales and inventories. OBJECTIVES: The aim is the construction of an instrument for the evaluation of obsessive-compulsive symptoms that is independent from examinee's self-evaluation [i.e. the Implicit Association Test for obsessive-compulsive disorder (IAT-OCD)]. METHODS: In order to build the IAT-OCD, we consulted (1) previous studies that employed the IAT for the evaluation of other psychiatric symptoms; (2) expert psychiatrists and psychologists with experience in the assessment and treatment of patients with OCD; and (3) patients with OCD themselves. RESULTS: Specific verbal and visual stimuli were selected for each obsessive-compulsive symptom dimensions (contamination-washing, obsessions-checking, symmetry and hoarding). A software designed to measure reaction time in miliseconds (a proxy for implicit association) was developed. A final version of the IAT-OCD was then obtained. DISCUSSION: The IAT-OCD expands the existing armamentarium to evaluate obsessive-compulsive symptoms, especially among those individuals who report badly about their symptoms.